1. In forest conditions, surface runoff and soil contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands are generally low due to the surface litter cover.
2. If the litter layer is disturbed, then contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands and erosion rates can increase by several orders of magnitude.
3. Forest soil disturbances can be contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands, such as wildfires, or human-induced, such as harvesting or prescription burning for contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands management.
4. Roads adversely impact forest soil productivity by directly reducing the contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands area and by causing the greatest amount of soil erosion.
5. Erosion generally decreases forest productivity by decreasing the available soil water for forest growth and through loss of contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands in eroded sediment.
6. Forest harvesting methods vary in degree of soil contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands.
7. Most erosion comes from contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands trails on timber harvest units because of the reduced infiltration rates and disturbance to the contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands layer.
8. The accelerated erosion caused by timber contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands may result in deterioration of soil physical properties, nutrient loss, and degraded stream contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands quality from sediment, herbicides, and plant nutrients.
9. Do not cross streams or contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands unless absolutely necessary.
10. If it is necessary to cross a contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands or wetland, keep the number of contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands to a minimum and at carefully selected locations.
11. Existing crossings should be used whenever possible, unless their contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands and use would be more damaging than establishing a new one.
12. Stream crossings should be contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands to the direction of water contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands to the degree practical.
13. Wetland crossings should be contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands to the direction of water flow to the degree practical.
14. Approaches to crossings should be direct and have a low contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands.
15. To minimize the movement of contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands into the water body, water flowing down the road or skid contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands should be directed into a vegetated area before it reaches the crossing.
16. To minimize stream bank disturbance, stream crossings should be located on a straight contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands of the stream channel that has low banks.
17. The impact of contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands water action against the crossing structure itself or against any portions of the bank that need to be disturbed to permit installation of the structure will be reduced.
18. Where there is a risk of contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands, structures should be anchored at one end to allow them to swing out of the main channel without washing downstream or contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands water flow.
19. Proper installation, contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands, and site rehabilitation are essential for any crossing option to be fully effective.
20. All necessary contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands should be obtained in advance and terms communicated clearly to the employees or contractorscrossingsdisturbanceecosystemerosionfloodingflowgradeharvestingmaintenancenaturalnutrientsobstructingorganicparallelpermitsperpendicularproductiverehabilitationrunoffsedimentsegmentskidstreamtrailturbulentwaterwetlands working on the crossing.